林肯新书推介丨国际视角下的基础设施经济与政策(英文版)

2021年12月31日
林肯丛书

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《国际视角下的基础设施经济学与政策》

José A. Gómez-Ibáñez  刘志 主编

林肯土地政策研究院出版 2021年


简介



在各国政府考虑大型基础设施建设提案之际,林肯土地政策研究院出版新书《国际视角下的基础设施经济与政策》(英文版),以期帮助政府确保公共投资取得更大的社会回报。这本书由哈佛大学José A. Gómez-Ibáñez教授和北京大学—林肯研究院城市发展与土地政策研究中心刘志博士主编,包括30位世界级学者和一线从业者撰写的20个章节,涉及到基础设施的作用、项目评估、融资、治理、气候变化和新科技等主题。


当下,各国政府考虑使用基础设施建设作为政策工具,以刺激因新冠疫情而备受冲击的国民经济。在此背景下,本书的出版为各国政府评估基础设施建设提案提供了理论、案例、数据和分析。以基础设施建设项目成功要素的研究为基础,本书提出了基础设施建设投资计划制定时需要考虑的六个关键点:


聚焦长期增长而非短期刺激。和常识相悖,基础设施建设投资并不是刺激短期经济的有效方式。本书解释了即使在长期收益清晰可见的情况下,基础设施建设投资的短期收益仍极为有限的原因。在开始建设新项目之前,获得必要的许可和准备充足的资金往往需要数年的时间。此外,现代建设所需的先进设备和技能意味着基础设施建设项目无法在短期内吸纳大量低技能的劳动力。


建设值得建设的项目,而非万事皆备的项目。基础设施建设项目的质量很大程度决定了项目的效果。许多基础设施建设管理部门都需要对大型项目或重点政策以及相应的可替代方案进行成本效益分析。但是,几乎没有政府(即使有也很少)要求基础设施建设部门采用净效益最高的可选方案。这通常是出于政治因素的考虑,比如成本效益分析可能无法充分反映公平目标。尽管成本效益分析方法并非十全十美,它仍然是评估基础设施建设提案的最佳工具之一。因此,在没有其他合理理由的情况下,基础设施建设管理部门如果选择的方案与净效益最高的方案出现较大偏差,则更应该三思而后行。


切勿过度自信或过度乐观。本书第七章中描述了一项涵盖全球2000个基础设施建设项目的研究,指出项目的实际成本远超预期,而使用率却远低于预期。作者认为背后的原因是人们熟知的一些行为缺陷,尤其是“过度自信偏好”与“乐观偏好”。它们深深根植于人类的本性之中,因此要完全消除这些“偏好”非常困难。但作者建议了一些措施,如预测方需要承担法律责任或者聘用独立审计。


认真对待公平问题。基础设施建设项目的成本和收益往往在社会中分配不均。一方面,公路和发电厂等大型基础设施项目往往给低收入居民带来的负面影响(如污染)远比其他人群更多。另一方面,许多发展中国家和地区的人民无法使用到基本的基础设施,这不仅损害他们的生活质量,也使不平等愈演愈烈。各国政府需要认真考虑上述两个问题,并实施补偿政策以做出应对。


思考治理面对的挑战。由于可达性、选址和防止垄断等重要原因,地方政府往往会深入参与监管基础设施建设项目。但是,新的基础设施建设项目(尤其是针对气候变化的能源系统减碳项目)要求国家政府更多地参与其中。国家政府拥有独一无二的优势,既可以投资需要共同行动的新技术,也可以缓解气候变化政策对经济的影响,比如补偿化石燃料发电厂和其他资产所有人的损失。基础设施建设项目的治理挑战可能比当下热烈讨论的财务挑战更为棘手。


为未来而投资并应对巨大的不确定性。在气候变化、全球疫情、无人驾驶技术和共享经济不断发展的今天,世界面对巨大的不确定性。政府不仅应该维修陈旧的基础设施,也需要投资利用新技术抵御气候变化的新一代基础设施。实现这种转变需要克服大量的制度障碍,需要评估新技术的优缺点,也需要建设有效的变化管理流程。


我们若要建设有韧性的、平等宜居的世界,可持续的基础设施必不可少。在深入分析的基础上,本书从对通往市中心的道路收取最高效的拥堵费到私有化大幅影响基础设施效率等多个方面的“常识”提出了疑问。本书还讨论了土地增值捕获和其他融资机制;基础设施建设对城市形态、经济表现和生活质量的作用;以及其他基本概念。这些内容为政府机构官员、负责基础设施建设服务的企业、高校学生以及对政策感兴趣的读者提供了科学的解决方案和政策观点。


若要了解或者订购《国际视角下的基础设施经济学与政策》,请访问

www.lincolninst.edu/publications/books/infrastructure-economics-policy 或

https://cup.columbia.edu/book/infrastructure-economics-and-policy/9781558444188



Contents

FORWORD – George M. McCarthy


1. Introduction: What Makes Infrastructure Special? – José A. Gómez-Ibáñez and Zhi Liu


PART 1. INFRASTRUCTURE, GROWTH, AND POVERTY

2. Infrastructure Stocks and Macroeconomic Performance Across Countries – Gregory K. Ingram and Zhi Liu

3. Infrastructure and the Poor – Sameh Wahba, Somik Lall, and Hyunji Lee


PART 2. INFRASTRUCTURE AND CITIES

4. Infrastructure and Urban Form – Edward L. Glaeser

5. Infrastructure and the Competitiveness of Cities – Daniel J. Graham, Daniel Hörcher, and Roger Vickerman


PART 3. INVESTMENT APPRAISAL, BIASES, AND POLITICS

6. The Development of Evaluation Methods for Infrastructure Projects – Don H. Pickrell

7. How (In)Accurate Is Cost-Benefit Analysis? Data, Explanations, and Suggestions for Reform – Bent Flyvbjerg and Dirk W. Bester

8. Infrastructure’s Narrow Passage: Between Perverse Excess and Perverse Deficit – John D. Donahue


PART 4. INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCE

9. Infrastructure Finance – Akash Deep

10. Infrastructure Finance Through Land Value Capture – José A. Gómez-Ibáñez, Yu-Hung Hong, and Du Huynh

PART 5. REGULATION, PRIVATIZATION, AND STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES

11. Infrastructure “Privatization”: When Ideology Meets Evidence – Antonio Estache

12. Price-Cap Regulation of Infrastructure – Sock-Yong Phang

13. Evolution of a Regulatory Regime: British Water Industry, 1989—2020 – Sir Ian Byatt

14. The Changing Role of State-Owned Enterprises – O. P. Agarwal and Rohit Chandra


PART 6. INFRASTRUCTURE PLANS AND REGIONAL INTEGRATION

15. Transport Infrastructure and Integration of the European Union – José Manuel Vassallo

16. National Infrastructure Policies in Japan: Focusing on Railways – Fumitoshi Mizutani and Miwa Matsuo

17. High-Speed Rail and City Clusters in China – Zheng Chang


PART 7. COPING WITH RADICAL UNCERTANTIES

18. Infrastructure and Climate Change – Henry Lee

19. New Technologies in Infrastructure – Shashi Verma

20. Infrastructure and the Sharing Economy – Andrew Salzberg and O. P. Agarwal



Praise for Infrastructure Economics and Policy

"This informative, timely book offers a rich array of insight: comparisons across sectors and countries, connection between policy ideas and implementation, and appraisal of noteworthy experiences."

Weiping Wu, Director of the M.S. Urban Planning program, Columbia University


"The content is highly relevant right now. As countries worldwide are designing economic recovery and stimulus programs from the COVID-19 pandemic, the question of infrastructure has come—once again—to the forefront of policy discussions. The analysis and policy recommendations and lessons will be invaluable to developed and developing countries."

Ede Ijjasz-Vasquez, Former Regional Director of Sustainable Development, Africa, World Bank


"A marvelous collection of essays by many of our era's leading thinkers about infrastructure investment, innovation, and regulation. At once authoritative, balanced, up to date, global in scope, and chock-full of fascinating detail, it will, I am confident, be the gold standard work in this field for years to come."

Alan Altshuler, Ruth and Frank Stanton Professor Emeritus in Urban Policy and Planning, Harvard Kennedy School


"As the United States debates reinvesting in aging infrastructure, as China and other countries catapult ahead with next-generation domestic and international infrastructure projects, and as the changing climate reminds us that we design durable infrastructure systems for the uncertain future, not the past, there is no better resource for scholars and practitioners than this timely volume. Leading figures in infrastructure policy address challenges from measuring the economic impacts of major public works of the 20th century to the integration of today's emerging, decentralized transportation and energy technologies, all under one big, fascinating tent."

Sheila Olmstead, Professor of Public Affairs, Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, The University of Texas at Austin


"Infrastructure seems to be on everyone's mind—in the United States, China, and around the world. Trillions of dollars here, trillions there. But what do we really know? The international focus helps untangle issues of economic impact, equity, financing, and innovation in a way that generates important insights. This book is an intellectual smorgasbord. It has something for everyone."

Daniel Sperling, Founding Director, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis; Distinguished Blue Planet Prize Professor of Engineering and Environmental Science and Policy


"The Lincoln Institute's Infrastructure Economics and Policy speaks to the once-in-a-generation opportunity our nation currently faces to invest in impactful, innovative, equitable, and sustainable infrastructure. For those of us who are practitioners in the field, the book offers a thought-provoking and insightful analysis of infrastructure policy and practice and the challenges and opportunities governments face when making major infrastructure investments."

Polly Trottenberg, Transportation Practitioner and Policy Expert, former New York Transportation Commissioner


About the Editors

José A. Gómez-Ibáñez is the Derek C. Bok Professor of Urban Planning and Public Policy Emeritus at Harvard University.

Zhi Liu is director of the China Program at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.


About the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy

The Lincoln Institute of Land Policy seeks to improve quality of life through the effective use, taxation, and stewardship of land. A nonprofit private operating foundation whose origins date to 1946, the Lincoln Institute researches and recommends creative approaches to land as a solution to economic, social, and environmental challenges. Through education, training, publications, and events, we integrate theory and practice to inform public policy decisions worldwide.





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